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Topical Update

The sick returned traveller

The sick returned traveller

Volume 11, Issue 1 January 2016  (download full article in pdf)

 

Editorial note:

With increasing international travel, awareness and knowledge on the microbiology aspects of the returning traveller is essential, in order for timely diagnosis of infectious diseases acquired abroad and for administration of effective clinical management and public health control measures. In this issue of the Topical Update, Dr. Samson Wong presents a synopsis of the conditions associated with the returned traveller, which will be of practical application to any medical professional. We welcome any feedback or suggestion. Please direct them to Dr. Janice Lo (e-mail: janicelo@dh.gov.hk), Education Committee, The Hong Kong College...

Pathology of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease1" by Nephron - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease1.jpg#/media/File:Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease1.jpg

Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2015

Dr. Anthony W.H. Chan

Associate Professor Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Introduction

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious global health problem and associated with over-nutrition and its related metabolic risk factors including central obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. It is the most common metabolic liver disease worldwide and its prevalence in most Asian countries is similar to that in the States, Europe and Australia. About 10-45% of Asian population have NAFLD. With “westernized” sedentary lifestyle, the prevalence of NAFLD in general urban population in the mainland China is about 15%. NAFLD is even more prevalent in Hong Kong. Our recent study demonstrated...

Molecular Classification and Genetic Alterations of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

"Glass ochem" by Purpy Pupple - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glass_ochem.png#/media/File:Glass_ochem.png

Volume 9, Issue 2, July 2014

Dr CHOI Wai Lap

Department of Clinical Pathology Tuen Mun Hospital

Introduction

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the commonest subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accounting for about 30% to 40% of newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide and in Hong Kong. DLBCL is heterogeneous in clinical presentation, morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics and prognos is. In the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues published in 2008, several specific clinicopathological entities of DLBCL have been recognized, while leaving the rest to DLBCL, not otherwise specified, which is by far the most prevalent entity among the large B-cell lymphomas. In the following discussion, the term DLBCL will be used interchangeably with DLBCL, not otherwise specified.

...

Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis

Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2014

Dr YUEN Yuet Ping

Department of Chemical Pathology Prince of Wales Hospital

Introduction

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is an important preventable cause of mental retardation. To prevent irreversible brain damages caused by hypothyroidism, sufficient doses of thyroxine should be started within a few weeks after birth.(1) Since neonates with CH have no obvious or minimal clinical manifestations, biochemical screening in the newborn period has become the best public health strategy for early detection of affected neonates. In Hong Kong, a territory-wide screening programme for CH was started in 1984.(2) Cord blood samples are collected immediately after birth for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by a single laboratory dedicated for newborn screening. The incidence of CH in...

Epidemiology of Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection in Hong Kong: Implications on Preventative Strategy

Volume 8, Issue 2, July 2013

Prof. Paul KS Chan

Professor, Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Introduction

The family Papillomaviridae is comprised of a large group of viruses found in many mammalian species. Infection with papillomaviruses can be asymptomatic or results in the development of benign or malignant neoplasia. Cervical cancer is the most important consequence, in terms of disease burden, of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. To date, the genomic sequences of more than 150 HPV types have been characterized. Of these, more than 40 types can infect the female genital tract, and at least 15 types are epidemiologically linked to cervical cancer. Over the last few years, there has been a vast increase in using HPV DNA detection as an adjunctive or primary...

Laboratory Testing For Anti-NMDAR In Autoimmune Encephalitis: The HSSA- Pathology Queensland Experience

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2013

Bob Wilson MSc, FFS(RCPA), Kerri Prain, BSc, David Gillis, FRCPA FRACP FFS(RCPA) and Richard Wong GDM FRCPA FRACP FRCP.

Division of Immunology, Central Laboratory, HSSA-Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospitals, Herston, Brisbane, 4061, Australia.

Introduction

The spectrum of antibodies against intracellular, cell surface and synaptic neuronal antigens has expanded rapidly in recent years. The antigenic targets include ion channels, receptors involved in neurotransmission across synapses and proteins associated with them. There are now more than twenty anti-neuronal antibodies detected in association with neurological diseases. These antibodies may be associated with underlying malignancies and are commonly referred to as paraneoplastic antibodies (PNAs). Many PNAs have...

Virtual Electron Microscopy – update after one year of routine use

Volume 7, Issue 2, July 2012

Dr. King Chung Lee

Consultant Pathologist, St. Paul’s Hospital

Honorary Consultant, Queen Elizabeth Hospital

Background

Virtual microscopy using whole slide scanning has become increasingly popular in quality assurance program, teaching of pathologists and undergraduates and reproducibility studies 1-2. This concept was first extended to electron microscope (EM) about a year ago 3. This is made possible by two discoveries. Firstly, a free software component capable of stitching sequential pictures into a virtual slide that can be read by another free software. Secondly, an EM function capable of capturing up to 500 images covering a specified area automatically. Because of the simplicity acceptable degree of user intervention during the process and unsurpassed advantages over the...

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia – the role of conventional and molecular cytogenetics

Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2012

Dr W. S. Wong

Associate Consultant, Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital

Dr. K.F. Wong Chief of Service, Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital

Introduction

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the commonest chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of mature B-cells and affects mainly elderly. It is characterized by the presence of≥5x109/L monoclonal and often CD5+CD23+B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Haematogists usually have no problem in reaching the diagnosisas the majority of the cases have classical morphological and immunophenotypic features; however, it is an extremely heterogeneous disease clinically with highly variable clinical course.

Some patients are asymptomatic and do not require treatment while others progress early and require...

Laboratory Role in Toxicology: From Diagnostic to Theranostic

Volume 6, Issue 1, July 2011

Dr W. T. Poon

Associate Consultant, Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital

Introduction

Toxicology analysis involves detection, identification and measurement of foreign compounds and their metabolites in biological and other specimens. It plays a useful role in them a nagement of poisoned patients when the diagnosis is in doubt, the administration of antidotes or protective agents is contemplated, or the use of active elimination therapy is being considered. As the scope and complexity of clinical toxicology continues to increase, continuing effort is required for the laboratory to expand its diagnostic capability and coverage. Apart from patient care, identification of a lethal or emerging toxin also serves to provide useful information for toxico-vigilance of potential...

Discovery of novel microbes: more and more coronaviruses after the SARS epidemic

Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2010

WOO, Patrick CY

Professor, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong

Coronavirus study group, International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses

Introduction

The Coronaviridae family is classified into two subfamilies, Coronavirinae and Torovirinae. Members of the Coronavirinae subfamily are in general referred to as coronaviruses. Phenotypically, coronaviruses are enveloped viruses of 120-160 nm in diameter. Under electronmicroscopy, coronaviruses have a crown-like appearance and the name “coronavirus” is derived from the Greek word κορώνα, which means crown. Genotypically, coronaviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with genome sizes of about 30 kb, the largest genome size among all RNA viruses. Traditionally, coronaviruses were classified into...